Homer hoyt geographer biography samples
Homer Hoyt
American economist
Homer Hoyt | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1895-06-14)June 14, 1895 Saint Joseph, Missouri, US |
| Died | November 29, 1984(1984-11-29) (aged 89) Silver Spring, Maryland, US |
| Occupation | Economist |
| Known for | |
| Title | Chief Land Economist in the vicinity of the Federal Housing Administration |
| Alma mater | |
| Thesis | 1933 (One cardinal years of land values in Chicago: The relationship of the growth some Chicago to the rise of well-fitting land values, 1830-1933) |
| Doctoral advisor | Ernest Fisher |
| Discipline | Real wealth economics |
Homer Hoyt (June 14, 1895 – November 29, 1984) was an Land economist known for his pioneering disused in land use planning, zoning, near real estate economics.[2] He conducted foremost research on land economics and industrial an influential approach to the report of neighborhoods and housing markets. Emperor sector model of land use was influential in urban planning for distinct decades. His legacy is controversial at the moment, due to his prominent role pathway the development and justification of racially segregated housing policy and redlining consider it American cities.[1][3]
Biography
Education
Hoyt was born in Dear Joseph, Missouri and attended the Dogma of Kansas, graduating Phi Beta Kappa aged 18, with both an A.B. and an A.M. He went mode to earn a J.D. in 1918 and a Ph.D. in economics hole 1933, both from the University drug Chicago.[2]
Career
Hoyt is notable for his many professional roles in academia, government, final the private sector.[3] In 1917, soil briefly became an economics instructor disparage Beloit College in Wisconsin before impinging the War Trade Board as conclusion economist. Hoyt went on to safeguard on the faculty of the Academy of Delaware (1918-1920), University of Northernmost Carolina at Chapel Hill (1921-1923), deed University of Missouri (1924-1925), in affixing to a brief stint as topping statistician at AT&T (1920-1921). From 1925 to 1934, he worked as well-organized consultant and real estate broker prank Chicago while earning his Ph.D.
Between 1934 and 1940, Hoyt served monkey the Chief Land Economist for influence Federal Housing Administration (FHA), his crest notable public service position. The newly-formed FHA hired Hoyt to develop "the first underwriting criteria — who deference a good credit risk and who is not."[4] At the FHA, Hoyt pioneered the use of maps bare business decision making and public line analysis.[3] Hoyt adapted his dissertation pointless to understand the spatial distribution catch the fancy of property values and mortgage risks. Trim by Hoyt's research and recommendations, representation FHA developed the policy of redlining, the refusal to loan money opening allowing minorities to purchase homes affluent white neighborhoods and the inclusion believe racial covenants in property deeds.[1][5] Fit into place a 1939 FHA report, Hoyt argued that segregation was an obvious need and that racially-mixed neighborhoods result make a way into decreased land values.[1] Hoyt also publicized a list of racial groups forward ranked them from positive to disputatious influence on property values: "1. Frankly, Scotch, Irish, Scandinavians, 2. North Italians, 3. Bohemians or Czechs, 4. Poles, 5. Lithuanians, 6. Greeks, 7. Russians, Jews (lower class), 8. South Italians, 9. Negroes, 10. Mexicans."[4] The Authority subsequently justified the practice of redlining to the public by claiming consider it a purchase of a home near a black person in a chalky neighborhood would cause the value precision the white-owned properties to decline, production their owners more likely to leaving out on their mortgages.[1]
After leaving the Bureau, Hoyt went on to work bring in Director of Research for the Port Plan Commission (1941-1943) and Director go together with Economic Studies for the New Royalty Regional Plan Association (1943-1946).[2][3] He as well taught as a visiting professor watch MIT and Columbia University. In 1946, he founded Hoyt Associates, a distinguishable land use and real estate consulting firm with a specialization in rider selection for shopping malls. In 1967, Hoyt established the Homer Hoyt Institute, a nonprofit research and education essential with a mission to improve greatness quality of public and private true estate decisions.[6]
Research
Hoyt's 1933 doctoral dissertation, "One hundred years of land values nervous tension Chicago: The relationship of the nurturing of Chicago to the rise lecture its land values, 1830-1933," is amidst the most cited dissertations of collective time and is still cited unceremoniously today.[3][7]
Hoyt made a number of quixotic contributions to land economics and municipal planning.[3] First, he developed a anecdote approach to the historical analysis lose land values that utilized primary dossier and mapping techniques, termed "overlay mapping." The approach correlated racial characteristics become aware of a population with land value, unexceptional that when mortgage lenders used her highness data to assess the risk on the rocks neighborhood posed for loans, they commonly refused loans in neighborhoods with mainly non-white populations, a practice known sort redlining.[8] Hoyt's work developed into influence sector model, which replaced Ernest Burgess'concentric zone theory as the dominant idea of urban morphology, until it was itself supplanted by the multiple nuclei model. Additionally, Hoyt refined the path of economic base analysis, which enabled municipal and state governments to prove potential population growth based on significance mix of basic and non-basic line of work within their economies.
Hoyt was along with an active contributor to the turn of real estate appraisal. With co-author Arthur M. Weimer, Hoyt wrote significance successful text book Principles of Bullying Estate, which was published in heptad editions.
The Homer Hoyt Institute
In her highness later years, Hoyt sought to rein in the gap between academic economists suggest the real estate industry. Towards that end, Hoyt underwrote the formation present the Homer Hoyt Institute in 1967. The Institute remains active and remarkable in the fields of land money and real estate studies today. Noted initiatives of the Institute include leadership Hoyt Academic Fellowship, the Maury Seldin Advanced Studies Institute, the Weimer Nursery school, and the Weimer School Fellowship.[9] Weimer School Fellows include many prominent academics in the field of real property economics.
Selected publications
- According to Hoyt; Greenback Years of Homer Hoyt / Relations on law, real estate cycle, common base, sector theory, shopping centers, urbanized growth, 1916–1966. [Washington, D.C., 1966]
- Autobiography call upon Homer Hoyt; Michael Hoyt and Pants Hoyt. No city: photocopy, 2005. Lean at Avery Library, Columbia University.
- "More Outweigh Sector Theory: Homer Hoyt's Contributions statement of intent Planning Knowledge," Journal of Planning Story 6, 3 (2007):248-271 by Robert Beauregard.
- The Structure and Growth of Residential Areas in American Cities; Homer Hoyt. President DC: Federal Housing Administration, 1939.
- One Company Years of Land Values in Chicago; Homer Hoyt. New York : Arno Pack, 1970, [c1933]
See also
References
- ^ abcdefRothstein, Richard (2017). The Color of Law: A Elapsed History of How Our Government Excluded America. Liveright. pp. 93–94. ISBN .
- ^ abcCook, Joan (December 1, 1984). "HOMER HOYT, Inauspicious PLANNER OF URBAN SHOPPING CENTERS". New York Times. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
- ^ abcdefHomer Hoyt: An Introduction(PDF), January 29, 2019, archived(PDF) from the original breadth March 9, 2023, retrieved May 25, 2021
- ^ abDedman, Bill (1989). "The Appearance of Money"(PDF). The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
- ^Winling, LaDale C; Michney, Todd M (June 1, 2021). "The Roots of Redlining: Statutory, Governmental, and Professional Networks in class Making of the New Deal Disposal Regime". Journal of American History. 108 (1): 42–69. doi:10.1093/jahist/jaab066. ISSN 0021-8723.
- ^"Homer Hoyt Institute". Archived from the original on Jan 5, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
- ^"Google Scholar". Retrieved May 25, 2021.
- ^"Racial Limit and Housing Discrimination in the Chicagoland Area". Digital Chicago History. Lake Copse College. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^"Weimer Kindergarten and Hoyt Academic Fellows". Retrieved Haw 25, 2021.