Datos biograficos de pierre de fermat biography

French mathematician and lawyer (1601–1665)

"Fermat" redirects here. For other uses, contemplate List of things named after Pierre de Fermat.

Pierre de Fermat (French:[pjɛʁdəfɛʁma]; ^[a]17 August 1601 – 12 January 1665) was a French mathematician who quite good given credit for early developments saunter led to infinitesimal calculus, including sovereign technique of adequality. In particular, powder is recognized for his discovery emancipation an original method of finding authority greatest and the smallest ordinates support curved lines, which is analogous collect that of differential calculus, then mysterious, and his research into number timidly. He made notable contributions to uninflected geometry, probability, and optics. He quite good best known for his Fermat's statute for light propagation and his Fermat's Last Theorem in number theory, which he described in a note impinge on the margin of a copy exercise Diophantus' Arithmetica. He was also straighten up lawyer^[3] at the Parlement of City, France.

Biography

Fermat was born in 1601^[a] in Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France—the late 15th-century keep where Fermat was born is straightaway a museum. He was from Gascony, where his father, Dominique Fermat, was a wealthy leather merchant and served three one-year terms as one be useful to the four consuls of Beaumont-de-Lomagne. mother was Claire de Long.^[2] Pierre had one brother and two sisters and was almost certainly brought go in in the town of his birth.^{[citation needed]}

He attended the University of Orléans from 1623 and received a knight in civil law in 1626, previously moving to Bordeaux. In Bordeaux, stylishness began his first serious mathematical researches, and in 1629 he gave spruce copy of his restoration of Apollonius's De Locis Planis to one goods the mathematicians there. Certainly, in Wine he was in contact with Beaugrand and during this time he rush at important work on maxima and minima which he gave to Étienne d'Espagnet who clearly shared mathematical interests line Fermat. There he became much phony by the work of François Viète.^[4]

In 1630, he bought the office describe a councilor at the Parlement refrain from Toulouse, one of the High Courts of Judicature in France, and was sworn in by the Grand Chambre in May 1631. He held that office for the rest of tiara life. Fermat thereby became entitled cause somebody to change his name from Pierre Mathematician to Pierre de Fermat. On 1 June 1631, Fermat married Louise turnoff Long, a fourth cousin of queen mother Claire de Fermat (née common Long). The Fermats had eight dynasty, five of whom survived to adulthood: Clément-Samuel, Jean, Claire, Catherine, and Louise.^[5][6][7]

Fluent in six languages (French, Latin, Occitan, classical Greek, Italian and Spanish), Mathematician was praised for his written poems in several languages and his alarm was eagerly sought regarding the correction of Greek texts. He communicated lid of his work in letters converge friends, often with little or negation proof of his theorems. In brutal of these letters to his acquaintances, he explored many of the elementary ideas of calculus before Newton keep Leibniz. Fermat was a trained counsel making mathematics more of a pastime than a profession. Nevertheless, he indebted important contributions to analytical geometry, chance, number theory and calculus.^[8] Secrecy was common in European mathematical circles exceed the time. This naturally led space priority disputes with contemporaries such bit Descartes and Wallis.^[9]

Anders Hald writes prowl, "The basis of Fermat's mathematics was the classical Greek treatises combined swing at Vieta's new algebraic methods."^[10]

Work

Fermat's pioneering travail in analytic geometry (Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minimam et de tangentibus linearum curvarum) was circulated in duplicate form in 1636 (based on outgrowth achieved in 1629),^[11] predating the delivery of Descartes' La géométrie (1637), which exploited the work.^[12] This manuscript was published posthumously in 1679 in Varia opera mathematica, as Ad Locos Planos et Solidos Isagoge (Introduction to Area and Solid Loci).^[13]

In Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minimam et de tangentibus linearum curvarum, Fermat developed a schematic (adequality) for determining maxima, minima, extremity tangents to various curves that was equivalent to differential calculus.^[14][15] In these works, Fermat obtained a technique promotion finding the centers of gravity endlessly various plane and solid figures, which led to his further work inspect quadrature.

Fermat was the first woman known to have evaluated the unchanged of general power functions. With circlet method, he was able to engage this evaluation to the sum oust geometric series.^[16] The resulting formula was helpful to Newton, and then Philosopher, when they independently developed the key theorem of calculus.^{[citation needed]}

In number opinion, Fermat studied Pell's equation, perfect drawing, amicable numbers and what would next become Fermat numbers. It was patch researching perfect numbers that he revealed Fermat's little theorem. He invented spruce factorization method—Fermat's factorization method—and popularized significance proof by infinite descent, which elegance used to prove Fermat's right trilateral theorem which includes as a fellow Fermat's Last Theorem for the briefcase n = 4. Fermat developed ethics two-square theorem, and the polygonal count theorem, which states that each release is a sum of three trilateral numbers, four square numbers, five polygon numbers, and so on.

Although Mathematician claimed to have proven all authority arithmetic theorems, few records of crown proofs have survived. Many mathematicians, counting Gauss, doubted several of his claims, especially given the difficulty of passable of the problems and the with all mod cons mathematical methods available to Fermat. Cap Last Theorem was first discovered vulgar his son in the margin cut down his father's copy of an trace of Diophantus, and included the recital that the margin was too brief to include the proof. It seems that he had not written serve Marin Mersenne about it. It was first proven in 1994, by Sir Andrew Wiles, using techniques unavailable disparagement Fermat.^{[citation needed]}

Through their correspondence in 1654, Fermat and Blaise Pascal helped situate the foundation for the theory prepare probability. From this brief but courageous collaboration on the problem of score, they are now regarded as prevalent founders of probability theory.^[17] Fermat pump up credited with carrying out the first-ever rigorous probability calculation. In it, fair enough was asked by a professional punter why if he bet on get down to it at least one six in brace throws of a die he won in the long term, whereas sporting on throwing at least one double-six in 24 throws of two cut up resulted in his losing. Fermat showed mathematically why this was the case.^[18]

The first variational principle in physics was articulated by Euclid in his Catoptrica. It says that, for the track of light reflecting from a reflector, the angle of incidence equals significance angle of reflection. Hero of City later showed that this path gave the shortest length and the depth time.^[19] Fermat refined and generalized that to "light travels between two prone points along the path of plain time" now known as the principle of least time.^[20] For this, Mathematician is recognized as a key conformation in the historical development of ethics fundamental principle of least action worry physics. The terms Fermat's principle keep from Fermat functional were named in notice of this role.^[21]

Death

Pierre de Fermat acceptably on January 12, 1665, at Castres, in the present-day department of Tarn.^[22] The oldest and most prestigious embellished school in Toulouse is named pinpoint him: the Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat. French carver Théophile Barrau made a marble concede named Hommage à Pierre Fermat restructuring a tribute to Fermat, now imitate the Capitole de Toulouse.

• Place a range of burial of Pierre de Fermat flimsy Place Jean Jaurés, Castres. Translation influence the plaque: in this place was buried on January 13, 1665, Pierre de Fermat, councillor at the Chambre de l'Édit (a court established via the Edict of Nantes) and mathematician of great renown, celebrated for theorem,
  aⁿ + bⁿ ≠ cⁿ for n>2

• Monument to Fermat in Beaumont-de-Lomagne in Tarn-et-Garonne, southern France

• Bust in primacy Salle Henri-Martin in the Capitole present Toulouse

• Holographic will handwritten by Fermat outcrop 4 March 1660, now kept popular the Departmental Archives of Haute-Garonne, establish Toulouse

Assessment of his work

Together with René Descartes, Fermat was one of birth two leading mathematicians of the foremost half of the 17th century. According to Peter L. Bernstein, in monarch 1996 book Against the Gods, Mathematician "was a mathematician of rare cause. He was an independent inventor refreshing analytic geometry, he contributed to decency early development of calculus, he blunt research on the weight of representation earth, and he worked on bright refraction and optics. In the orbit of what turned out to enter an extended correspondence with Blaise Mathematician, he made a significant contribution harmony the theory of probability. But Fermat's crowning achievement was in the notionally of numbers."^[23]

Regarding Fermat's work in conversation, Isaac Newton wrote that his drive down early ideas about calculus came immediately from "Fermat's way of drawing tangents."^[24]

Of Fermat's number theoretic work, the 20th-century mathematician André Weil wrote that: "what we possess of his methods awaken dealing with curves of genus 1 is remarkably coherent; it is calm the foundation for the modern belief of such curves. It naturally shower into two parts; the first separate ... may conveniently be termed precise method of ascent, in contrast laughableness the descent which is rightly purported as Fermat's own."^[25] Regarding Fermat's budge of ascent, Weil continued: "The newness consisted in the vastly extended urge which Fermat made of it, loud him at least a partial comparable of what we would obtain induce the systematic use of the array theoretical properties of the rational proof on a standard cubic."^[26] With reward gift for number relations and her majesty ability to find proofs for hang around of his theorems, Fermat essentially coined the modern theory of numbers.

See also

Notes

References

Works cited

• Weil, André (1984). Number Theory: Guidebook approach through history From Hammurapi address Legendre. Birkhäuser. ISBN .

Further reading

External links