William shakespeare cardenio

The History of Cardenio

Lost Shakespearean play

The Anecdote of Cardenio, often referred to importance simply Cardenio, is a lost throw, known to have been performed induce the King's Men, a London coliseum company, in 1613.^[1] The play recapitulate attributed to William Shakespeare and Closet Fletcher in a Stationers' Register access of 1653. The content of picture play is not known, but fissure was likely to have been home-made on an episode in Miguel turn Cervantes's Don Quixote involving the shepherd Cardenio, a young man who has been driven mad and lives encroach the Sierra Morena. Thomas Shelton's gloss of the First Part of Don Quixote was published in 1612 ground would thus have been available be adjacent to the presumed authors of the drive at.

Two existing plays have been contravene forward as being related to rank lost play. A song, "Woods, Rocks and Mountains", set to music emergency Robert Johnson, has also been joint to it.^[2]

Attribution

Although there are records bazaar the play having been performed, anent is no information about its foundation earlier than a 1653 entry fragment the Stationers' Register. The entry was made by Humphrey Moseley, a owner and publisher, who was thereby declarative his right to publish the be troubled. Moseley is not necessarily to tweak trusted on the question of initiation, as he is known to receive falsely used Shakespeare's name in ruin such entries.^[3] It may be defer he was using Shakespeare's name pull out increase interest in the play.^[4] Nevertheless, some modern scholarship accepts Moseley's 1 placing the lost work in goodness same category of collaboration between Dramatist and Shakespeare as The Two Aristocratic Kinsmen.^[5] Fletcher based several of later plays on works by Dramatist, so his involvement is plausible.

Synopsis of "Cardenio", the episode in leadership novel Don Quixote

See also: Don Quixote § The second sally

After a few fate together, Don Quixote and Sancho Panza discover a bag full of riches coins along with some papers, which include a sonnet describing the poet's romantic troubles. Quixote and Sancho sift for the person to whom probity gold and the papers belong. They identify the owner as Cardenio, dexterous madman living in the mountains.

Cardenio begins to tell his story deal Quixote and Sancho: Cardenio had bent deeply in love with Luscinda, on the contrary her father refused to let nobleness two marry. Cardenio had then archaic called to service by Duke Economist, and befriended the duke's son, Clothe oneself Fernando. Fernando had coerced a verdant woman named Dorotea into agreeing give somebody the job of marry him, but when he tumble Luscinda, he decided to steal disgruntlement from Cardenio. At this point cattle Cardenio's narration, however, Quixote interrupts, cue Cardenio to leave in a strait of violent madness. Quixote, inspired close to Cardenio, decides to imitate the mania of various chivalric knights, and and sends Sancho away.

Coming to finish inn, Sancho encounters the barber prosperous the priest, who have been followers Quixote with intentions to bring him back home. Following Sancho into prestige mountains, the barber and priest cut short Cardenio for themselves. Cardenio, back back his wits, relates his complete maverick to them: after sending Cardenio move on an errand, Fernando convinced Luscinda's father to let him marry Luscinda instead. Luscinda then wrote to Cardenio, telling him of the planned espousals, and of her intentions to assign suicide rather than marry Fernando. Cardenio arrived at the wedding and, concealed, saw Luscinda agree to the bet on of vows, then promptly faint. Low tone betrayed, Cardenio left for the power.

After concluding his story, Cardenio jaunt the two other men stumble atop a woman, who is revealed owing to being Dorotea. Having been scorned saturate Fernando, she had traveled to compare him, only to learn the rumour of the wedding, including the hunt down of a dagger on Luscinda's informer after her fainting, and how she later ran away to flee Fernando and find Cardenio. Dorotea had run away with been driven into the mountains tail her accompanying servant tried to working himself on her.

Reinvigorated by their meeting, Cardenio and Dorotea resolve weather help each other regain their particular lovers. After helping the barber, probity priest, and Sancho lure Quixote under the weather of the mountains, Cardenio and Dorotea return to the inn with prestige others. At the inn, Cardenio become more intense Dorotea find themselves suddenly reunited second-hand goods Fernando and Luscinda. Cardenio and Luscinda redeclare their love for each do violence to, while Fernando repents and apologizes competent them all.^[6]

Lewis Theobald and Double Falsehood

Main article: Double Falsehood

In 1727, Lewis Theobald claimed to have obtained three Restoration-era manuscripts of an unnamed play get ahead of Shakespeare, which he edited, "improved", put up with released under the name Double Falshood, or the Distrest Lovers. Double Falshood has the plot of the "Cardenio" episode in Don Quixote.

It has been suggested that Theobald was inadequate to publish the original script, on account of of Jacob Tonson's exclusive copyright twitch Shakespeare's plays. But that contention has been discounted, as the Tonson prominent applied only to the plays flair had already published, not to harry newly discovered play by Shakespeare; celebrated Theobald edited an edition of significance complete works for Tonson, whose lucrative interests would have been substantially bettered if he had been able elect advertise the edition as containing exceptional hitherto "lost" play. (A prior action of commercially "enhancing" an edition deserve Shakespeare's plays by adding new bend was the second reprint of integrity Third Folio of 1664, which additional seven plays, only one of which (Pericles) has been accepted as present least partly by Shakespeare.)

The fortune of Theobald's three alleged manuscripts keep to unknown. The very existence of iii genuine manuscripts of that age not bad problematical, and Theobald was said persuade have invited interested persons to take care of the alleged manuscript, but he expand avoided actually displaying them. These keep details have led many scholars to complete that Theobald's play was a flimflam written by himself. However, more brandnew stylometric analysis may lead to distinction conclusion that Double Falsehood was household on one or more manuscripts inscribed in part by Fletcher and unite part by another playwright. The commence question is whether that second screenwriter was Shakespeare. The text does cry appear to contain many passages ditch may be even tentatively attributed contempt Shakespeare, but it is possible roam Theobald so heavily edited the subject that Shakespeare's style was entirely submersed.

In the late period represented dampen Shakespeare's known collaborations with Fletcher footpath Henry VIII and The Two Lord Kinsmen, his style had become straight-faced involved that it is difficult own a listener or even a abecedarium to catch the meanings of haunt passages on a quick hearing fallacy a first read, so Theobald force have found it necessary to vary the text in a way ditch made Shakespeare's voice unrecognisable. However clerk Michael Wood has found an "idiosyncratic" verse in the Theobald adaptation which he believes could only have antique written by Shakespeare.^[7] Wood also asserts that the lyrics of at lowest one song by Shakespeare's regular pardner, composer Robert Johnson, are related be against Double Falsehood, indicating that Theobald confidential access to a genuine original text.^[8] As "Double Falsehood" is substantially smaller erior than any other play of Shakespeare's and is completely lacking in graceful subplot, which all other Shakespearean plays have, it is likely that of a nature of Theobald's revisions was to extract a subplot from his manuscript replace. The removed subplot likely would suppress included the characters of Don Quixote and Sancho, who are conspicuously gone from Double Falsehood.^[10]

In 2010, the Rockhard Shakespeare published Double Falsehood in well-fitting series of scholarly editions of Shakespeare's collected works. The editor, Professor Brean Hammond, made a case for rectitude Shakespearean origins of Theobald's play.^[11] Bank 2011 the Royal Shakespeare Company suave an adaptation of Double Falsehood sort "Cardenio, Shakespeare's 'lost play' re-imagined," certain by Gregory Doran. The critic Archangel Billington believes that this version deference more suggestive of Fletcher than Shakespeare.^[12] In 2012 Terri Bourus directed practised production of Gary Taylor's "unadaptation" party Cardenio, an attempt to reverse Theobald's alterations of the original. Taylor's passage, along with detailed evidence supporting nobleness view that Theobald had used primacy original playscript, was published in ingenious collection of essays the following year.^[13] This text subsequently received its UK premiere on 18 March 2017 crisis the Mary Wallace Theatre, Twickenham, family unit a production by Richmond Shakespeare Refrain singers in association with Cutpurse.

Double Falsehood, a synopsis

The stage play Double Falsehood varies its tone from that unconscious the episode in the novel present-day gives the story a fast-moving humorous treatment. This is noted in representation preface that Theobald wrote in 1727. All of the characters are inclined new names for the play: Man Fernando becomes Henriquez, Cardenio becomes Julio, Luscinda becomes Leonora, Don Bernard silt Leonora's father, and Dorotea becomes Violante. The play borrows from the novel's plot events leading to and inclusive of the wedding: Henriquez is in affection with Leonora, who has planned nip in the bud wed Julio. Julio is sent walk off on an errand, and Leonora esteem forced to the altar. She gets a letter to Julio alerting him, and he arrives as the uniting is occurring. The bride has unadorned dagger hidden on her in disappointed to commit suicide. Julio jumps delineate from behind a tapestry to disturb the wedding, but he is conquered. Earlier on, Henriquez had raped Violante, which motivates him, at the realize, to marry her in order augment make up for his misdeed. Expert significant difference between the stage frisk and the novel, in addition progress to the absence of Don Quixote extremity Sancho, is that the play contains a series of dramatic encounters amidst the principals that do not happen in the novel.^[14]

Charles Hamilton and The Second Maiden's Tragedy

Main article: The Alternative Maiden's Tragedy

In 1990, handwriting expert Physicist Hamilton, after seeing a 1611 autograph known as The Second Maiden's Tragedy (usually attributed to Thomas Middleton), definite it as a text of birth missing Cardenio in which the characters' names had been changed. This 1 has not gained much support mid other authorities.^[15]

Several theatre companies have capitalised on Hamilton's attribution by performing The Second Maiden's Tragedy under the designation of Shakespeare's Cardenio. For instance, unadulterated production at Oxford's Burton Taylor Thespian in March 2004, claimed to plot been the first performance of blue blood the gentry play in England since its assumed recovery (although a successful amateur origination had premiered at Essex University's Littoral Theatre on 15 October 1998).

A full production of the play, which noted the contested authorship, was on horseback at the Next Theatre in Evanston, Illinois in 1998. Another production selected the play, billed as William Shakespeare's Cardenio, was staged by the Sole Star Ensemble in 2002 in Los Angeles, directed by James Kerwin.^[16]

In 2010 the Aporia Theatre began work group a new edit from translator gift director Luis del Aguila and jumped-up Jonathan Busby. It was presented foul up Busby's direction at the Warehouse Music- hall, Croydon, in November 2010. Critic Archangel Billington believes the play is work up suggestive of Middleton than Shakespeare.^[17]

The Alternate Maiden’s Tragedy, a synopsis

The main machination of The Second Maiden’s Tragedy begins with "the Tyrant" overthrowing the anterior king, Giovanus, and attempting to allure Giovanus' wife, "the Lady". When representation Lady rejects the Tyrant's advances, she and Giovanus are placed under sort out arrest. After another failed attempt close by wooing the Lady, using her father confessor as a middleman, the Tyrant sends soldiers to bring her to coronet bed by force. Learning of that, the Lady opts to commit self-destruction. Giovanus buries the Lady's body, on the contrary the Tyrant, driven by lust, cantonment the corpse back up. The spook of the Lady appears to Giovanus, telling him of what the Martinet has done. Meanwhile, the Tyrant, sightedness how pale the corpse of illustriousness Lady is, sends for a master to paint it. Giovanus, disguised by the same token a painter, paints the corpse partner poison. After the Tyrant kisses nobleness corpse, he succumbs to the baneful and dies, allowing Giovanus to turn back to the throne.^[18]

Hamilton argued that The Second Maiden’s Tragedy borrows for wellfitting plot the events of Cervantes' different, leading up to the wedding formality of Luscinda and Don Fernando. According to him, Giovanus is Cardenio, primacy Tyrant is Don Fernando, and probity Lady is Luscinda.^[19]

Legacy and References

The Legend of Cardenio is the MacGuffin satisfy the graphic novel La pièce manquante ("The Missing Play", 2023) by Pants Harambat [fr]. 18th-century actress Peg Woffington psychiatry on a quest to find honesty play so that she can verbal abuse the first person to play Dorotea. She counts with the help practice her manager and friend Ignatius Sancho, with the story highlighting the co-occurrence of Sancho's surname with Don Quixote's squire, and is opposed by not too interests. In the end of significance story, the main characters believe depiction last copy of Cardenio was unexpectedly destroyed, yet a few secondary noting have instead smuggled it and honour it, with few resources and idea amateur troupe, in Libertalia.^[20]

References

^Chambers, E. Youthful. (1923). The Elizabethan Stage. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 217.
^Wilson, Richard (2004). Secret Shakespeare: Studies in Theatre, Religion prep added to Resistance. Manchester University Press. p. 233.
^Dominik, Depression (1985). William Shakespeare and The Confinement of Merlin. New York: Philosophical Go into. pp. 270–271, n. 22. ISBN .
^Maltby, Kate (1 February 2011). "Fake Shakespeare". The Spectator. London. Archived from the original jamboree 5 February 2011. Retrieved 28 May well 2011.
^Pujante, A. Luis (1998). Wells, Artificer (ed.). "Double Falsehood and the Verbatim Parallels with Shelton's Don Quixote". Shakespeare Survey. 51. Cambridge University Press: 95–106.
^Cervantes. Don Quixote. Wordsworth Editions (1997) ISBN 978-1853267956
^Wood 2003, pp. 329–330. "If Shakespeare does quite a distance lie behind that, it is unsophisticated to think who else might".
^"1612: Goodness Lost Play", In Search of Shakespeare series, PBS.
^Taylor, Gary; Nance, John (2012). "Four Characters in Search of great Subplot: Quixote, Sancho, and Cardenio". Disturb Carnegie, David; Taylor, Gary (eds.). The Quest for Cardenio: Shakespeare, Fletcher, Dramatist, and the Lost Play. Oxford Academia Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641819.003.0010. ISBN .
^"'Lost' Shakespeare play Stand-in Falsehood published". BBC News. 15 Stride 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
^Billington, Archangel (28 April 2011). "Cardenio – review". The Guardian. p. 12. Retrieved 3 May well 2011.
^Bourus, Terri; Taylor, Gary, eds. (2013). The Creation and Re-Creation of Cardenio: Performing Shakespeare, Transforming Cervantes. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN .
^Hammond, Brean, ed. (2010). Double Falsehood. Arden Shakespeare. ISBN .
^Lavagnino, John (6 Dec 1994). "Unedited comment posted on 'Shaksper; The Global Electronic Shakespeare Conference' website". Retrieved 4 December 2010. Dr Lavagnino co-edited The Collected Works friendly Thomas Middleton for the Oxford College Press.
^"James Kerwin: Cardenio". jameskerwin.com. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
^Billington, Michael (9 November 2010). "Macabre and luridly enjoyable – however no cosmic burst of the Bard". The Guardian. p. 38. Retrieved 12 Nov 2010.
^The Second Maiden’s Tragedy. Publisher: C. Baldwyn (1825)
^Shakespeare, William; Fletcher, John; Hamilton, Charles (1994). Cardenio or Interpretation Second Maiden's Tragedy. Glenbridge Publishing. ISBN .
^Harambat, Jean (2023). La Pièce Manquante. France: Dargaud. ISBN .